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Introduction to Japanese Grammar How to Use This Guide Japanese Writing Systems Pronunciation Guide Basic Sentence Patterns

Sentence Structure (SOV)Word Order Rules Topic vs Subject Parts of Speech Particles Overview Verb Basics Adjective Basics Noun Basics

は (wa) - Topic Marker が (ga) - Subject Marker は vs が Explained を (wo) - Direct Object に (ni) - Location/Direction/Time で (de) - Location/Means/Cause に vs で Explained と (to) - And/With/Quotation の (no) - Possession/Modification へ (e) - Direction へ vs に Direction から (kara) - From/Since/Because まで (made) - Until/Up to より (yori) - Than/From も (mo) - Also/Too/Neither や (ya) - And (partial list)か (ka) - Or/Question ね (ne) - Confirmation/Agreement よ (yo) - Emphasis/Assertion よね (yone) - Confirmation ぞ (zo) - Masculine Emphasis ぜ (ze) - Casual Emphasis さ (sa) - Casual Filler な (na) - Prohibition ばかり (bakari) - Only/Just だけ (dake) - Only しか (shika) - Only (with negative)ほど (hodo) - Extent/Degree くらい/ぐらい (kurai) - About など (nado) - And so on

Verb Groups (Godan/Ichidan/Irregular)Dictionary Form (Plain)Masu Form (Polite Present)Mashita Form (Polite Past)Masen Form (Polite Negative)Te-form Conjugation Ta-form (Plain Past)Nai-form (Plain Negative)Nakatta Form (Past Negative)Potential Form (Can do)Passive Form Causative Form (Make someone do)Causative-Passive Ba-conditional Tara-conditional To-conditional Nara-conditional Volitional Form (Let's)Imperative Form (Command)Negative Imperative

I-adjectives (い形容詞)Na-adjectives (な形容詞)I-adjective Conjugation Na-adjective Conjugation Present Tense Past Tense Negative Forms Past Negative Adverb Forms Comparisons (より)Superlatives (一番)Equivalence (同じくらい)

です (desu) - Polite Copula だ (da) - Plain Copula である (de aru) - Formal じゃない (janai) - Negative Past Forms (だった/でした)

〜ている (Progressive/State)〜てある (Resultant State)〜ておく (Preparation/Completion)〜てみる (Try doing)〜てしまう (Completion/Regret)〜ていく (Progressive direction)〜てくる (Motion towards)〜てあげる (Do for others)〜てくれる (Someone does for me)〜てもらう (Have someone do)〜ても (Even if)〜てから (After doing)〜ています vs 〜てある

〜たい (Want to - 1st person)〜たがる (Want to - 3rd person)〜ほしい (Want something)〜てほしい (Want someone to do)

〜そう (Looks like - observation)〜そう (I heard that)〜らしい (It seems/apparently)〜みたい (Looks like/similar)〜ようだ (It appears/seems)〜っぽい (Seems like/tends to)

Present Tense Usage Past Tense Usage Future Expressions Time Words (今、昨日、明日)Duration (間)Frequency (時々、いつも)Before/After (前、後)While/During (間に、ながら)Simultaneous Actions

Question Words (5W1H)何 (nani/nan) - What 誰 (dare) - Who いつ (itsu) - When どこ (doko) - Where なぜ/どうして (naze/doushite) - Why どう (dou) - How どのくらい - How much/long いくら (ikura) - How much (price)いくつ (ikutsu) - How many/old Yes/No Questions Choice Questions (A or B)か (ka) Question Usage の (no) Questions (casual)ですか vs だろうか

Number System Overview Native vs Sino Numbers Counter System Basics General Counter (つ)People (人)Long Objects (本)Flat Objects (枚)Small Animals (匹)Large Animals (頭)Cups/Glasses (杯)Floors (階)Times (回)Common Counters List

Giving: あげる/やる/さしあげる Receiving: もらう/いただく Favor: くれる/くださる Direction of Actions Perspective in Japanese

Potential Form (できる)〜ことができる Potential vs Ability 〜やすい (Easy to)〜にくい (Hard to)

〜てもいい (May/Permission)〜てはいけない (Must not)〜てはだめ (Prohibition)〜なければならない (Must)〜なきゃ (Casual must)〜ないといけない (Have to)〜べき (Should/Ought to)〜ほうがいい (Had better)〜なくてもいい (Don't have to)

〜てください (Please do)〜ていただけますか (Could you)〜てくれますか (Will you)〜てもらえますか (Could you)〜ないでください (Please don't)Politeness Levels in Requests

〜ましょう (Let's)〜ませんか (Won't you)〜ましょうか (Shall I)〜たらどう (How about)〜といい (It would be good if)〜ほうがいい (Had better)

から (kara) - Because ので (node) - Because (objective)から vs ので〜て (Casual reason)だから (dakara) - Therefore なぜなら (nazenara) - That's because 〜ために (For the purpose of)〜せいで (Because of - negative)〜おかげで (Thanks to)

Conditional Forms Overview と (to) - Natural consequence ば (ba) - If/When (general)たら (tara) - If/When (past)なら (nara) - If (contextual)Comparing Conditionals 〜ても (Even if)〜たって (Even if - casual)〜ないと (If not)

と思う (I think)と思っている (I've been thinking)と言う (Say/Called)という (Called/That)Reporting Speech 〜かもしれない (Might/Maybe)〜にちがいない (Must be)〜はずだ (Should be)〜わけだ (No wonder)〜わけがない (There's no way)〜わけではない (Not necessarily)

〜だろう/でしょう (Probably)〜かもしれない (Might)〜にちがいない (Certainly)〜はずだ (Expected to)〜べきだ (Should)きっと (Surely)たぶん (Probably)

より (Than)のほうが (More than)一番 (Most)同じ (Same)〜くらい/ぐらい (About/Extent)〜ほど (As...as)Comparative Adjectives

Relative Clauses の (no) Nominalization こと Nominalization の vs こと Plain Form + Noun Pre-noun Adjectivals

そして (And then)それから (And then/After that)でも/しかし (But/However)だから (Therefore)〜し (And what's more)〜が (But)けど/けれど (But/Although)のに (Even though)それで (So/And then)それに (Moreover)ところが (However)

Keigo System Overview When to Use Keigo Respectful (尊敬語 Sonkeigo)Humble (謙譲語 Kenjougo)Polite (丁寧語 Teineigo)Common Honorific Verbs Common Humble Verbs Honorific Prefixes (お/ご)Business Keigo Service Industry Language

Adverb Formation Frequency Adverbs Degree Adverbs (とても、少し)Time Adverbs Manner Adverbs Sentence Adverbs

Personal Pronouns First Person (私、僕、俺)Second Person (あなた、君)Third Person (彼、彼女)Demonstratives (これ、それ、あれ)こ-そ-あ-ど System Omitting Pronouns

Common Expressions Greetings Farewells Apologies Thanks Congratulations Condolences Set Phrases (決まり文句)Proverbs (ことわざ)Four-Character Idioms (四字熟語)

Compound Verb Formation 〜出す (dasu) - Start doing 〜始める (hajimeru) - Begin 〜終わる (owaru) - Finish 〜続ける (tsuzukeru) - Continue 〜直す (naosu) - Redo 〜すぎる (sugiru) - Too much 〜忘れる (wasureru) - Forget to 〜間違える (machigaeru) - Do by mistake

Transitive vs Intransitive Common Pairs Using 〜ている with Both Causative Relationships

Direct Passive Indirect Passive (Suffering)Adversity Passive Passive in Keigo

Causative Formation Make Someone Do Let Someone Do Causative-Passive

Negative Forms Overview Verb Negation Adjective Negation Double Negatives 〜ない (nai) Usage 〜ぬ (nu) Classical Negative

である Style Newspaper Japanese Academic Writing Business Writing Letter Writing Email Etiquette Classical Grammar Remnants

Casual Speech Patterns Contractions Slang Basics Sentence-ending Particles Filler Words Regional Dialects Overview Male vs Female Speech Age-related Speech

Direct Quotation (と)Indirect Quotation って (Casual quotation)Embedded Questions

のだ/んだ (Explanation)のは...だ (It is... that)こそ (Emphasis particle)さえ (Even)すら (Even - formal)も...ば...も (Both... and...)

だけ (Only)しか (Only - negative)ばかり (Only/Just)以外 (Except)を除いて (Excluding)〜を問わず (Regardless of)

と (Complete list)や (Partial list)とか (Casual listing)など/なんか (Etc.)〜たり〜たりする

ために (In order to)ように (So that)つもり (Intend to)予定 (Plan to)〜に行く/来る (Go/Come to)

〜たことがある (Have done)〜たことがない (Never done)〜ものだ (Used to)〜ていた (Was doing)Habitual Actions

〜くなる (Become - i-adj)〜になる (Become - na-adj/noun)〜くする (Make - i-adj)〜にする (Make - na-adj/noun)〜てくる (Come to)〜ていく (Gradually)

〜てある (Is done)〜ておく (Have done in advance)〜てしまう (Has ended up)〜っぱなし (Left as is)

〜やすい (Easy to)〜にくい (Hard to)〜がたい (Hard to - formal)〜づらい (Hard to - feeling)

〜がち (Tend to)〜っぽい (Tend to be)〜気味 (Slightly/Tending)〜ぶる (Act like)

〜甲斐がある (Worth doing)〜価値がある (Have value)〜に値する (Deserve)

〜ながら (While)〜つつ (While - formal)〜まま (As is/While)〜際 (When/Occasion)

〜のに (Even though)〜ても (Even if)〜けど (But)〜が (However)〜ものの (Although)〜にもかかわらず (Despite)〜ながらも (While/Although)

〜にとって (For/To)〜から見ると (From viewpoint)〜によると (According to)〜に関して (Regarding)〜について (About)

〜だけ (As much as)〜限り (As far as)〜かぎりでは (As far as I know)〜ほど (The more... the more)〜たびに (Every time)

〜わけにはいかない (Cannot)〜ざるを得ない (Cannot help but)〜に越したことはない (Nothing better than)〜てならない (Cannot help feeling)〜ずにはいられない (Cannot help but)〜ないではいられない (Cannot help but)〜かねない (Might)〜かねる (Cannot/Hesitate to)

JLPT N5 Grammar List JLPT N4 Grammar List JLPT N3 Grammar List JLPT N2 Grammar List JLPT N1 Grammar List

Home/Docs/〜ほうがいい (Had better)

〜ほうがいい (Had better)

〜ほうがいい (Had better)

Contenuto in lavorazione...

など (nado) - And So On/Etc.

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